Теплоустойчивость разных видов рыб товарной аквакультуры (обзор)

   Производство продукции товарной аквакультуры продолжает значительно увеличиваться. Тем не менее, устойчивость аквакультуры находится под угрозой из-за прогнозируемых последствий повышения температуры окружающей среды.

   Цель исследований – анализ и обобщение литературных данных о теплоустойчивости разных видов рыб для последующей разработки стратегий, способствующих смягчению последствий изменения климата.

   Поиск источников проводили с использованием международных и отечественных наукометрических баз данных. Оптимальная температура воды для роста атлантического лосося (Salmo salar) находится на уровне 12…14 °C, радужной форели (Oncorhynchus mykiss) – 15…17 °C, гибридного осетра (Acipenser baerii × Acipenser schrenckii) – 21…24 °C, нильской тилапии (Oreochromis niloticus) – 26…30 °C, карпа (Cyprinus carpio) – 20…25 °С, карася (Carassius) – 24 °С. Высокая температура воды негативно влияет на организм рыб. При тепловом стрессе у гибридных сомов (Clarias gariepinus × Clarias macrocephalus) интенсивность роста снижается на 12,5 % (p < 0,05), у лаврака (Dicentrarchus labrax) – на 29,7 % (p < 0,05). При температуре воды 22 °C уровень кортизола у радужной форели (Oncorhynchus mykiss) возрастает на 58 нг/мл (p < 0,001). Тепловой стресс ослабляет иммунную систему рыб. У осетров (Acipenser) увеличивается уязвимость к инфекциям, что подтверждает снижение экспрессии генов (MyD88, TICAM-1, IL-1β), участвующих в реализации механизмов врожденного иммунитета. У мозамбикской тилапии (Oreochromis mossambicus) при температуре воды 35 °C отмечается снижение устойчивости к Streptococcus iniae, а у самок нильской тилапии (Oreochromis niloticus) при 34,5 °C развитие гонад подавляется на 68,3 % (p < 0,05), атрезия фолликулов усиливается на 54,4 % (p < 0,05) и гонадосоматический индекс снижается на 67,4 % (p < 0,05). Несмотря на то, что рыбы могут справляться с определенной степенью теплового стресса, для получения наибольшей экономической эффективности необходимо создавать комфортный температурный режим.

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