Обзор SNP, ассоциированных с качеством яичной скорлупы

Одна из наиболее важных задач птицеводства – получение пищевого и инкубационного яйца высокого качества. Особое значение в ее решении имеет качество скорлупы, как определяющий фактор при инкубации и транспортировке яиц. Скорлупа дает защиту от патогенных и физических воздействий, одновременно обеспечивая основные метаболические и питательные потребности растущего птичьего эмбриона. На ее прочность влияет большое количество различных факторов, в том числе генетических. Развитие генетических, особенно полногеномных ассоциативных (GWAS), исследований открывает возможности для определения геномных областей, связанных с показателями качества скорлупы. Цель исследований – обобщение литературных данных, посвященных выявлению геномных регионов и SNP, ассоциированных с такими показателями качества скорлупы, как прочность, толщина и жесткость, для определения спектра мутаций, рассматриваемых в качестве потенциальных генетических маркеров перечисленных параметров. Исследования проводили на различных породах и кроссах птицы. Известные 67 SNP, ассоциированные с изучаемыми показателями качества, локализованы на хромосомах 1…9, 11…12, 19…22, 24, 26…28, z. Большая часть идентифицированных мутаций соответствовала интронным вариантам – 43,3 %, на экзонные варианты приходилось 11,9 % мутаций. Наличие эффектов SNP в генах, задействованных в различных метаболических процессах, расширяет знания о новых участках генома, мутации в которых также могут влиять на показатели качества скорлупы. Некоторые гены ассоциированы с различными хозяйственно-полезными признаками сельскохозяйственной птицы: адаптационными способностями, интенсивностью роста, толщиной и прочностью скорлупы, развитием перьев, яйценоскостью, массой яиц, конверсией корма и др. Дальнейшие исследования в этом направлении предоставят новую информацию, которая послужит основой для создания селекционных технологий, способствующих повышению эффективности производства инкубационных и пищевых яиц высокого качества.

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